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The Doctor's incarnations do not appear to suffer this effect when encountering each other and shaking hands. This has never been explained. An essay in the About Time episode guides by Lawrence Miles and Tat Wood suggests that Time Lords are somehow exempt from the effect by their very nature.

Rose Tyler is seen holding an infant version of herself in "Father's Day", with no visible energy discharge, but the contact does allow the Reapers to enter the church in which the Doctor and several others are taking refuge. While doing a live commentary on the episode at the Bristol Comic Expo , episode author Paul Cornell said that this is supposed to be due to the Blinovitch Limitation Effect, even though it is not mentioned by name.

He suggested that the lack of a spark may be down to the fact that the Time Lords were no longer around to manage anomalies. In that story, she does not appear to realise that the Fifth Doctor is a later incarnation of the third and fourth Doctors with whom she had previously travelled. In "Time Crash", the Tenth Doctor remembers and reproduces what he saw himself do when he was the Fifth Doctor, a fact that seems to surprise the Fifth Doctor himself.

Russell T Davies has expressed a dislike for stories in which multiple incarnations of the Doctor meet, stating that he believes they focus more on the actors than on the story itself. Since the programme's revival, there have been four multi-Doctor stories: the Children in Need special " Time Crash ", the 50th-anniversary special, " The Day of the Doctor ", the Christmas special " Twice Upon A Time ", and the series 12 episode " Fugitive of the Judoon ".

Before that, the only references to past incarnations from to have been in the aforementioned episode "School Reunion" in which the Doctor acknowledges having regenerated "half a dozen times" since last seeing Sarah Jane and in drawings that the Doctor who has temporarily become human to hide from the Family Of Blood makes based on dreams of his other life in the episode " Human Nature ". This is a clear affirmation of his past, and that the then current incarnation was indeed the Tenth.

This was reaffirmed in the episode " The Eleventh Hour ", when the Doctor asks the Atraxi whether this planet is protected.

The Atraxi then shows 10 images, one of each Doctor from the first to the tenth, with the eleventh walking through the image of the tenth at the end. This is confirmed in the episode " The Lodger ", when the Doctor, explaining to Craig who and what he is, points at his face and says, "Eleventh. Because each new Doctor is different from their previous incarnations, how their personalities interact varies when two or more different incarnations encounter each other.

When the Tenth Doctor effortlessly averts the impending Belgium-sized hole in the Universe caused by this temporal anomaly, he reveals having known what to do because he saw himself do it as the Fifth Doctor and remembered.

He goes on to tell the Fifth Doctor how fond he was of his incarnation and how he influences the current Doctor's personality. During the Virgin New Adventures , the Seventh Doctor was occasionally at odds with his subconscious memory of his previous incarnation as his memory of his past self became increasingly associated with the Valeyard , his dark, future self, but he eventually accepted his dark side and 'reformed' his memory of his former self, although it was never established how the two Doctors would interact if they had met in person.

In all stories, [ clarification needed ] multiple versions of the Eleventh Doctor from different timelines meet and carry on brief conversations. Additionally, the Eleventh Doctor encountered an artificial though physically and mentally identical copy of himself in " The Almost People "; fought against "Mister Clever", an artificial personality generated out of his own by the Cybermen in " Nightmare in Silver "; and was pitted against "The Dream Lord", a manifestation of his self-loathing and anger, in " Amy's Choice ".

Later, the Eleventh Doctor entered his own timeline in " The Name of the Doctor " to rescue his companion Clara Oswald, and while there observed a past incarnation portrayed by John Hurt , one whose actions caused him to be unworthy of the name "Doctor" and viewed as shameful by his future selves.

The Tenth and Eleventh Doctors are generally amicable towards each other, despite bickering, [71] although the War Doctor treats them both as behaving too childishly. Despite this, he does come to admire both of his future incarnations, working together with them and eventually choosing to go through with the act of destroying Gallifrey because he knows it will help them become what they are.

The Tenth and Eleventh are initially leery of the War Doctor, the Eleventh describing him as the "one life I have tried very hard to forget. Fortunately, with influence from the Moment — a sentient Time Lord weapon that brought about their meeting — the three are able to stumble upon an alternative: sending Gallifrey into a pocket universe, making it seem as though it has been destroyed.

The three are then joined by the other nine previous Doctors and the future Twelfth Doctor Peter Capaldi in this act the War, Tenth and Eleventh Doctors having evidently contacted them off-screen. The Eleventh Doctor is shown to have memories of these events but only recalls them after they have begun.

This is explained in dialogue as an instability in the timeline, which causes the War and Tenth Doctors to forget their meeting, thus maintaining the continuity in which the Doctors from the War Doctor onwards believe themselves to have destroyed Gallifrey. It is implied in " The Timeless Children " that Martin's Doctor was a previous incarnation that had been erased from the Doctor's memory by the Division. On a few occasions, previous actors to have played Doctor have returned to the role, usually guest-starring with the incumbent:.

Matt Smith also made a brief "imagined" cameo as himself seen only by actor William Hartnell portrayed by David Bradley in the television film An Adventure in Space and Time which dramatises the early years of Doctor Who.

In early production documents, the Doctor was said to be years old, although this was never stated on screen. The intention at that time was that regeneration had turned back the Doctor's clock, making him younger both in appearance and in biological age. Since the Doctor's age had never previously been given, Earth years became a starting point onto which further years would be progressively added as the series continued and the character lived out his further incarnations.

The Third Doctor implied in Doctor Who and the Silurians and in The Mind of Evil that he had a lifetime that covered "several thousand years". While the Doctor's age has never been a known quantity, these numbers are the most difficult to reconcile with the rest of the series.

By the time of The Brain of Morbius , the Fourth Doctor was stated to be years old [75] "something like years" in the prior Pyramids of Mars , which prompts Sarah Jane Smith to joke that he will "soon be middle-aged ". When the Doctor encounters his old friend Drax in The Armageddon Factor , Drax says it has been years since their time together at the Academy, suggesting only that Drax was years younger, but implying nothing about the Doctor's age, since it could have been a different amount of time for him.

Drax implies that the Doctor got his doctorate after that. In Revelation of the Daleks , the Sixth Doctor said that he was "a year-old Time Lord", and in Time and the Rani , the Seventh Doctor's age was , the same as villainous Time Lady the Rani in both serials, the Doctor's age is stated in dialogue. In Remembrance of the Daleks , the Seventh Doctor said that he had " years' experience" rewiring alien equipment.

Amongst the works of spin-off prose fiction, in the Fourth Doctor comic "The Time Witch", after the Doctor and Sharon cross through the split in time which ages them four years, the Doctor says "I shall still think of myself as The Eighth Doctor spent nearly a century on Earth during a story arc spread over several novels, and around years asleep in The Sleep of Reason by Martin Day.

In the Big Finish Productions audio play Orbis , the Eighth Doctor says that he has spent years living on the planet Orbis since the previous play. He states that he lost count of his true age long ago, and rounds it down, taking into account the varying lengths of a "year" in different locations.

In the series, the Ninth Doctor's age is stated in publicity materials as years, [76] and in " Aliens of London ", he says, "Nine hundred years of time and space, and I've never been slapped by someone's mother. He restates this in " The Empty Child " as "Nine hundred years of phone box travel and it's the only thing left that surprises me".

In "The Sound of Drums", the Master ages the Doctor by years using his laser screwdriver , leaving the Doctor with an elderly appearance. In " Last of the Time Lords ", the Master states to the population of Earth that the Doctor is nine hundred years old, and informs his subjects he will show them the Doctor's true form, suspending his ability to regenerate.

The Master proceeds to age the Doctor further with his laser screwdriver, reducing him to a tiny, wrinkled being, subsequently imprisoned inside a bird cage until reverted to his current form with the help of Martha Jones, 15 satellites and the entire population of Earth. However, as the resolution of that story is by means of a reversal of time, there is a suggestion that the events of that year never actually took place, and yet are present in the Doctor's memory.

By the end of series six, the Doctor has reached the age of , the older version that appeared in " The Impossible Astronaut ". The next series ages the Doctor further, with " A Town Called Mercy " establishing that he is now approximately 1, years old.

In the 50th anniversary special, " The Day of the Doctor " , the Eleventh Doctor is queried about his age by his younger self, to which he replies "I dunno, I lose track. Twelve hundred and something I think, unless I'm lying. I can't remember if I'm lying about my age — that's how old I am. In the next episode, " The Time of the Doctor ", the Doctor spends centuries defending the planet Trenzalore.

After one interval, the Doctor states he has lived there for years. Another long interval passes, during which the Doctor's age is not given, but he physically ages considerably before regenerating into the Twelfth Doctor. The e-book Tales of Trenzalore states the Doctor spent years on Trenzalore. In the following episode, " Deep Breath " , the Twelfth Doctor states that he is over 2, years old. However, writer Steven Moffat has said, "He's lying. How could he know, unless he's marking it on a wall?

He could be 8, years old, he could be a million. He has no clue. The calendar will give him no clues. The very first episode of the television programme established that Susan Foreman is the Doctor's granddaughter, but neither Susan nor the Doctor ever speaks of her parents.

The First Doctor did flirt with — and was accidentally engaged to — the character Cameca in The Aztecs Although this was part of a plot to get the TARDIS back, there was a hint of mutual attraction in Hartnell's performance especially as he is ultimately unable to leave behind the love token she has given him. The Third Doctor expresses hurt feelings when his companion Jo Grant leaves him for an idealistic scientific adventurer whom she describes as "a younger version" of the Doctor The Green Death.

Jo kisses the Doctor on the cheek before she departs, the second time this form of affection had been shown on screen the Second Doctor having similarly kissed Zoe in The War Games. A television commercial broadcast in Australia for Prime Computers showed Baker and Ward romancing each other, in character as the Doctor and Romana, with the Doctor prompted by the computer proposing marriage. Beginning in the programme has suggested that the Doctor has romantic feelings towards different people.

This shift is satirised in " The Day of the Doctor " wherein the War Doctor , having witnessed a passionate kiss exchanged between his tenth incarnation and Queen Elizabeth I, asks of the eleventh , "Is there a lot of this in the future?

The series has played with the idea of a romantic relationship between the Ninth Doctor and Rose Tyler , with many characters assuming they were a couple.

Rose's boyfriend Mickey Smith clearly views the Doctor as a romantic rival for whom Rose has left him. Each shows flashes of jealousy when the other flirts with other characters. In the same episode, the Doctor kisses Rose Tyler to get the time vortex energy that was killing her back into the TARDIS, subsequently "killing" him and causing his next regeneration. You ask the Lady Mary Wortley Montagu. The Doctor's relationship with Rose intensifies after he regenerates into the Tenth Doctor.

In " New Earth " , Rose's body is temporarily inhabited by Cassandra , who kisses the Doctor romantically. This is one of the few scenes in the entire programme where the Doctor is kissed romantically by his companion.

In " School Reunion " , the arrival of the Doctor's previous companion Sarah Jane Smith and his reaction to seeing her again prompts jealousy and worry from Rose, and Sarah all but admits that she has long been in love with the Doctor. In the episode, " The Girl in the Fireplace " written by Steven Moffat , the Doctor develops a romantic relationship with Madame de Pompadour , with whom he shares a passionate kiss.

She even takes him away to "dance", but how far the metaphor coined in the episode " The Doctor Dances " is taken is not seen on screen. Rose does not openly exhibit jealousy towards Madame de Pompadour. In the novel The Stone Rose , by Jacqueline Rayner , the Doctor kisses Rose after she saves him from being petrified, with it being described as "a kiss of gratitude and joy and unspeakable pleasure at being alive".

In " The Impossible Planet " , the Doctor and Rose share an awkward moment when they have to consider settling down in one time period and Rose suggests they do so together. She later plants a kiss for good luck on the Doctor's spacesuit prior to his descent into the pit. He begins to reply, but the message is cut off, and he is unable to reciprocate; in the episode's audio commentary, executive producer Julie Gardner had stated that "he absolutely was going to say it Executive producer Russell T Davies states in Doctor Who Confidential that the reunion between the Doctor and Rose in the episode " The Stolen Earth " is a parody of romantic film conventions because the heightened emotional content is abruptly interrupted by the Doctor being shot by a Dalek.

In the next episode, " Journey's End ", Rose challenges the Doctor to say what he did not get to say before, to which he replies, "Does it need saying? Gardner commented in Confidential that although the audience cannot hear, it is obvious that he is saying "I love you". Throughout series three , companion Martha Jones pines for the Doctor's affection following a kiss between them which was only used as a "genetic transfer" to distract their pursuers.

She is distraught when, temporarily turned into a human in " Human Nature ", the Doctor's human persona, John Smith, falls in love with nurse Joan Redfern. She admits in " The Family of Blood " to Smith that "[the Doctor] is everything to me, and he doesn't even look at me, but I don't care, because I love him to bits, and I hope to God he won't remember me saying this". The Doctor tells Joan he is capable of everything that Smith was, but she rejects his attempt to establish a relationship with her as the Doctor.

In the following episode, " Blink ", he refers to being "rubbish at weddings, especially my own". Martha eventually quits as the Doctor's full-time companion in the series finale " Last of the Time Lords " because she is in love with the Doctor and he seems unable or unwilling to reciprocate; she received similar commiseration from Jack Harkness , who is also infatuated with him, in " The Sound of Drums ".

Subsequently, in the series, the Doctor's friendship with Donna Noble is strengthened, after the infatuations with Martha and Rose, by the knowledge that she has no romantic interest in him whatsoever. Davies' last clear allusion to the Doctor's romantic capacity occurs at the beginning of his last episode as showrunner, " The End of Time ". The Tenth Doctor claims to have married "Good Queen Bess, and let me tell you, her nickname is no longer The marriage, which is referred to as "a mistake", explained Queen Elizabeth's reaction to seeing the Tenth Doctor in an earlier episode, " The Shakespeare Code ".

Subsequent episodes have alluded to this romantic, possibly sexual relationship. This relationship, including the marriage and the "mistake" that led to it a case of mistaken identity involving a Zygon commander in , eventually unfolds on screen in " The Day of the Doctor ". In his tenure as showrunner — , the series continued to imply that the Doctor will have a relationship with, and perhaps marry, River Song. Additionally, Moffat has companion Amy Pond attempt to seduce the Doctor in " Flesh and Stone ", although he expresses shock at the idea, protesting that she was human.

In her appearances, River continues to hint at a relationship with the Doctor in her relative past and his relative future. When River kisses the Doctor in " Day of the Moon ", it becomes clear that whereas this is the Doctor's first kiss with her, it is to be her last with him and that she shall soon be heading to The Library where she dies.

Robinson and kisses the Doctor; the first time in an attempt to kill him, the second to save his life. Later she resolves to study archaeology so that she can encounter the Doctor again. Because she loves him, she refuses to shoot him in "The Wedding of River Song", creating an alternate timeline. In this world, the Doctor marries River in a very brief ceremony witnessed by Amy and Rory, so that he may allow time to return to normal and go to his death, while secretly disclosing to River that he will fake his death.

Although the alternate timeline is erased, all future episodes act as though the wedding was real. Later, when Dorium comments that River is incarcerated in the Stormcage for "all her days", the Doctor responds "Her days, yes, her nights After this episode, the banter and gentle sexual innuendo between them becomes less teasing and more serious.

Later, in " The Name of the Doctor " , the Doctor kisses a holographic projection of River Song, based on the copy of her mind archived in the great Library of the 51st century. During this episode, both the Doctor and River call her his wife. He reveals that the reason he has avoided mentioning her since her death was for fear that the memory would hurt too much — as River notes to colleagues, "he hates endings". After this exchange, he bids her a final farewell — but at her request — phrasing it with the implication that they may meet again.

Despite this, the Doctor's limited understanding of human romance and sexuality has been the subject of many jokes. For example, in " Flesh and Stone ", after being kissed by Amy Pond, his first response is to gasp, "But you're human! In "The Doctor's Wife", when he tells Amy and Rory that he is redoing the TARDIS's guest room, they suggest, "Perhaps not bunk beds this time," and he does not understand why a married couple would not find bunk beds preferable to other furniture.

In " The Time of the Doctor " , it is revealed that the Doctor, in an unspecified prior incarnation to the Eleventh, engaged in a romance with a woman named Tasha Lem. Their attraction appeared to continue when the Eleventh encountered her again, even after Lem was technically killed and made into a Dalek-human hybrid.

At first, the Twelfth Doctor explicitly rejected the idea of having a romantic relationship with his companion Clara Oswald. He implied that in his previous form , he had come to see himself as Clara's "boyfriend" in an attempt to avoid confronting his extreme age and alien nature.

Missy is later revealed to be a female incarnation of the Master. As the character of the Twelfth Doctor evolved, so did his relationship with Clara.

In a spring interview, Steven Moffat indicated that the Doctor had never stopped being "besotted" with Clara, and that he "loves them companions more than they love him.

Two people who are really crazy about each other Further romance for the Twelfth Doctor was depicted in the Christmas special, " The Husbands of River Song ", which had a romantic plot. In the special, the Twelfth Doctor meets his one-time wife, River Song , for the first and, narratively, the last time.

Later, now as a woman, the Thirteenth Doctor experienced her first on-screen same-sex romantic situation with companion Yasmin Khan. Yaz admits her feelings in " Eve of the Daleks " The Doctor confronts Yaz about them in " Legend of the Sea Devils ", saying she reciprocated Yaz's affection while refusing to become involved with another human companion who will one day die.

The spin-off media both before and after the television movie have toyed with the idea in various ways. In the Virgin New Adventures novel Human Nature by Paul Cornell , the Seventh Doctor takes on the human guise of "Dr John Smith" and has a romance with a teacher named Joan in , albeit as a means to understand the human condition and with the Doctor's own memories as a Time Lord suppressed.

The relationship ended when the Doctor was restored to normal, admitting to Joan that he knows that Smith was fond of her but unable to reciprocate those feelings himself. This novel was adapted to the screen and comprised two episodes in the new programme: "Human Nature" and "The Family of Blood", featuring the Tenth Doctor, with the Doctor implying that he retained Smith's feelings for Joan, although the more traumatic nature of the transformation may have impacted his feelings after he returned to normal.

In the Virgin novel Death and Diplomacy , by Dave Stone , the Seventh Doctor implies that he intentionally creates an image of asexuality to keep things simple. This encounter was later confirmed in the audio drama "Benny's Story", a chapter of the Big Finish Productions release The Company of Friends , marking the only time to date that a classic-era Doctor has been confirmed as sleeping with one of his companions.

In various novels — especially Lungbarrow — it is established that Time Lords do not reproduce sexually, but emerge from genetic Looms fully grown, though the same book hints that the Doctor's birth was an exception unlike his cousins, he has a belly button.

Lance Parkin 's novels Cold Fusion and The Infinity Doctors suggest that "wombborn" families have survived in secret, and that the Doctor and the Master were born to these families.

In the film Doctor Who , the Doctor states he is "half-human, on [his] mother's side", which the Master also affirms. The revived programme portrays Time Lord children, with a child version of the Doctor appearing in the episode " Listen ". In the Big Finish Productions audio play Loups-Garoux , the Fifth Doctor reluctantly agrees to marry the werewolf Ileana De Santos and although he gets out of it later, as in Cameca's case, a degree of mutual attraction is present.

In the audio plays involving the Eighth Doctor, his companion Charley confesses her romantic feelings for him in Zagreus , but although he admits he loves her at the time, it is a highly dramatic moment and the relationship does not progress beyond the platonic. The recurring novel and audio character Iris Wildthyme , created by Paul Magrs , is first introduced in the Short Trips story Old Flames , is a past romantic interest of the Doctor's who continues to flirt with him whenever they meet.

The question of romance is sometimes sidestepped with plot devices in the spin-off media. It is implied in the book that Miranda is actually the daughter of the Doctor himself from the far future. Miranda returns in the novel Sometime Never At that novel's end, a time-active being called Soul travels into the past accompanied by Zezanne, the two believing themselves to be the Doctor and Susan , respectively.

The character has been generally well received by the public. From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. This article is about the main character of the Doctor Who television series.

For the Doctor as portrayed in the s Dalek films, see Dr. Who Dalek films. Fictional character from the television series Doctor Who. Fictional character. The Doctor as portrayed by the series leads in chronological order, left to right from top row. Susan Foreman granddaughter Jenny daughter River Song wife. Fugitive Doctor Valeyard War Doctor. This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources.

Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. January Learn how and when to remove this template message. Further information: Time War Doctor Who. Main article: History of Doctor Who. Further information: Regeneration Doctor Who.

This section possibly contains original research. Please improve it by verifying the claims made and adding inline citations. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed.

February Learn how and when to remove this template message. This section may require cleanup to meet Wikipedia's quality standards. The specific problem is: Original research. Please help improve this section if you can. December Learn how and when to remove this template message.

For a list of all actors who have portrayed the Doctor, see List of actors who have played the Doctor. For a list of spin-offs, see Doctor Who spin-offs. September Learn how and when to remove this template message. This article possibly contains original research. April Learn how and when to remove this template message. Doctor Who. BBC One. McGann was 53 when he filmed the mini-episode; it was released on his 54th birthday. Instead, Sylvester McCoy was seen briefly, wearing a blond wig, with his facial features obscured by a video effect before he regenerated into the Seventh Doctor.

Baker later voiced the character in the audio drama The Sixth Doctor: The Last Adventure , which served to explain the cause of his regeneration; the Doctor deliberately drew himself towards Lakertya to be poisoned by its radiation, which prevented the Valeyard from taking over existence.

The Daily Telegraph. Archived from the original on 5 July Retrieved 4 July Doctor Who BBC. Retrieved 8 May The War Games. An Unearthly Child. Doctor Who: Companions.

Doctor Who Books. ISBN Series Episode The Deadly Assassin. Mad Norwegian Press, Des Moines. London: Virgin Publishing Ltd. Archived from the original on 13 January And 7 more HUGE questions". Digital Spy. Retrieved 3 December Doctor Who: The Inside Story. BBC Books. Doctor Who Annual Panini Books. London: Virgin Publishing. Toronto : ECW Press. Retrieved 25 August Planet of the Spiders.

SFX magazine. Retrieved 5 August Retrieved 6 May Who's real name". Newsgroup : rec. Retrieved 30 May Season 6. Season Retrieved 26 July Retrieved 25 January Retrieved 27 January Basil Puntastic Saves The World". September Doctor Who — Battles in Time 1 : 6. Retrieved 19 May The Age. Their relatively large sizes, diverse diets and ability to adapt to different environments makes them ecologically important.

Experimental removals of this top predator from a stretch of shoreline resulted in lower species diversity and the eventual domination of Mytilus mussels, which were able to outcompete other organisms for space and resources. The feeding activity of the omnivorous starfish Oreaster reticulatus on sandy and seagrass bottoms in the Virgin Islands appears to regulate the diversity, distribution and abundance of microorganisms.

These starfish engulf piles of sediment removing the surface films and algae adhering to the particles. In addition, foraging by these migratory starfish creates diverse patches of organic matter, which may play a role in the distribution and abundance of organisms such as fish, crabs and sea urchins that feed on the sediment. Starfish sometimes have negative effects on ecosystems. Outbreaks of crown-of-thorns starfish have caused damage to coral reefs in Northeast Australia and French Polynesia.

This had a cascading effect on the whole benthic community and reef-feeding fish. Its larvae likely arrived in Tasmania from central Japan via water discharged from ships in the s. The species has since grown in numbers to the point where they threaten commercially important bivalve populations. As such, they are considered pests, [68] and are on the Invasive Species Specialist Group's list of the world's worst invasive species.

Starfish may be preyed on by conspecifics, sea anemones, [70] other starfish species, tritons , crabs, fish, gulls and sea otters. They also have body armour in the form of hard plates and spines. Several species sometimes suffer from a wasting condition caused by bacteria in the genus Vibrio ; [71] however, a more widespread wasting disease , causing mass mortalities among starfish, appears sporadically.

A paper published in November revealed the most likely cause of this disease to be a densovirus the authors named sea star-associated densovirus SSaDV. Experiments have shown that the feeding and growth rates of P. Starfish and other echinoderms are sensitive to marine pollution. In other groups, structures made of calcium carbonate are vulnerable to dissolution when the pH is lowered.

Researchers found that when P. Their survival is likely due to the nodular nature of their skeletons, which are able to compensate for a shortage of carbonate by growing more fleshy tissue. Echinoderms first appeared in the fossil record in the Cambrian. The first known asterozoans were the Somasteroidea , which exhibit characteristics of both groups. By the late Paleozoic , the crinoids and blastoids were the predominant echinoderms, and some limestones from this period are made almost entirely from fragments from these groups.

In the two major extinction events that occurred during the late Devonian and late Permian , the blastoids were wiped out and only a few species of crinoids survived. During the last 6, years, divergence in the larval development of Cryptasterina hystera and Cryptasterina pentagona has taken place, the former adopting internal fertilization and brooding and the latter remaining a broadcast spawner. The scientific name Asteroidea was given to starfish by the French zoologist de Blainville in As well as the starfish, the echinoderms include sea urchins , sand dollars , brittle and basket stars , sea cucumbers and crinoids.

The larvae of echinoderms have bilateral symmetry, but during metamorphosis this is replaced with radial symmetry , typically pentameric. The subphylum includes the two classes of Asteroidea, the starfish, and Ophiuroidea , the brittle stars and basket stars. Asteroids have broad-based arms with skeletal support provided by calcareous plates in the body wall [86] while ophiuroids have clearly demarcated slender arms strengthened by paired fused ossicles forming jointed "vertebrae".

The starfish are a large and diverse class with over 1, living species. There are seven extant orders, Brisingida , Forcipulatida , Notomyotida , Paxillosida , Spinulosida , Valvatida and Velatida [1] and two extinct ones, Calliasterellidae and Trichasteropsida. The taxonomy of the group is relatively stable but there is ongoing debate about the status of the Paxillosida , and the deep-water sea daisies, though clearly Asteroidea and currently included in Velatida , do not fit easily in any accepted lineage.

Phylogenetic data suggests that they may be a sister group , the Concentricycloidea, to the Neoasteroidea, or that the Velatida themselves may be a sister group. Extinct groups within the Asteroidea include: [2].

Starfish are deuterostome animals, like the chordates. A analysis of genes from all classes of echinoderms gives the following phylogenetic tree. The phylogeny of the Asteroidea has been difficult to resolve, with visible morphological features proving inadequate, and the question of whether traditional taxa are clades in doubt. Valvatida, including Velatida, Spinulosida not a clade [2].

The phylogeny proposed by Blake in is: [2] []. Later work making use of molecular evidence , with or without the use of morphological evidence, had by failed to resolve the argument. They presented a phylogenetic tree for the living Asteroidea only; using the traditional names of starfish orders where possible, and indicating "part of" otherwise, the phylogeny is shown below. The Solasteridae are split from the Velatida, and the old Spinulosida is broken up. Solasteridae and part of Spinulosida, e.

Stegnaster and part of Valvatida, e. Echinaster , part of Valvatida, e. Brisingida with part of Velatida, e. Caymanostella and part of Forcipulatida, e. Starfish are deuterostomes , closely related, together with all other echinoderms, to chordates , and are used in reproductive and developmental studies.

Female starfish produce large numbers of oocytes that are easily isolated; these can be stored in a pre-meiosis phase and stimulated to complete division by the use of 1-methyladenine. Another area of research is the ability of starfish to regenerate lost body parts. The stem cells of adult humans are incapable of much differentiation and understanding the regrowth, repair and cloning processes in starfish may have implications for human medicine.

Starfish also have an unusual ability to expel foreign objects from their bodies, which makes them difficult to tag for research tracking purposes. An aboriginal Australian fable retold by the Welsh school headmaster William Jenkyn Thomas — [] tells how some animals needed a canoe to cross the ocean. Whale had one but refused to lend it, so Starfish kept him busy, telling him stories and grooming him to remove parasites, while the others stole the canoe.

When Whale realized the trick he beat Starfish ragged, which is how Starfish still is today. In , the scholar Edward Tregear documented The Creation Song , which he describes as "an ancient prayer for the dedication of a high chief" of Hawaii. Among the "uncreated gods" described early in the song are the male Kumulipo "Creation" and the female Poele, both born in the night, a coral insect, the earthworm, and the starfish.

He writes that the Histoire des Antilles reports that when the sea stars "see thunder storms approaching, [they] grab hold of many small stones with their little legs, looking to Starfish is the title of novels by Peter Watts [] and Jennie Orbell, [] and in , Alice Addison wrote a non-fiction book titled "Starfish - A year in the life of bereavement and depression".

In the Nickelodeon animated television series SpongeBob SquarePants , the eponymous character's best friend is a dim-witted starfish, Patrick Star. Starfish are widespread in the oceans, but are only occasionally used as food.

There may be good reason for this: the bodies of numerous species are dominated by bony ossicles, and the body wall of many species contains saponins , which have an unpleasant taste, [73] and others contain tetrodotoxins which are poisonous. Starfish are in some cases taken from their habitat and sold to tourists as souvenirs , ornaments , curios or for display in aquariums.

In particular, Oreaster reticulatus , with its easily accessed habitat and conspicuous coloration, is widely collected in the Caribbean. In the early to mid 20th century, this species was common along the coasts of the West Indies, but collection and trade have severely reduced its numbers.

In the State of Florida , O. Nevertheless, it is still sold throughout its range and beyond. With its multiple arms, the starfish provides a popular metaphor for computer networks , [] companies [] [] and software tools. Starfish has repeatedly been chosen as a name in military history. Three ships of the Royal Navy have borne the name HMS Starfish : an A-class destroyer launched in ; [] an R-class destroyer launched in ; [] and an S-class submarine launched in and lost in From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.

Class of echinoderms, marine animal. For other uses, see SeaStar disambiguation and Starfish disambiguation. For the Asteraceae subfamily, see Asteroideae. Main article: Asexual reproduction in starfish.

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